The WBPH that migrated to China continue to move toward northern China on prevailing winds. It was found that the spring migrants of WPBH were from the Indochina Peninsula, and they migrated into southern China. In 1970s and 1980s, a national collaborative study on the migration of WBPH was conducted in China. At the end of the growing season in autumn, their offspring migrate back to their southern overwintering sites. This pest usually migrates from tropical and subtropical regions toward northern or northeast Asia in spring and summer. The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), often causes serious yield losses to rice in Asia. These results help clarify the migration route and the source of WBPH in northern China. The genetic structure of WBPH is shaped by both migration and geographic barriers. The Greater Mekong Subregion was the main genetic source of WBPH in Shandong, while other source populations may also exist. Although the substantial migration presented, a weak but significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found (r = 0.083, P = 0.004).
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Eighty-four of 129 individuals distributed across the given area were designated as recent migrants or of admixed ancestry.
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The populations in the seven geographic regions comprised four hypothetical genetic clusters (K = 4) not associated with geographic location. These two molecular markers revealed that 4.40% (mtDNA) and 0.19% (SNP) genetic variation could be explained by the interpopulation variation, while the rest came from intrapopulation variation. Pairwise F ST values based on mtDNA ranged from − 0.061 to 0.285, while F ST based on SNP data ranged from − 0.007 to 0.009. ResultsĪll of the WBPH populations studied in the seven regions had low genetic diversity. We used mitochondrial gene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for analysis. We studied the sources of WBPH in Shandong Province by determining the population genetic structure of WBPH in 18 sites distributed in Shandong and in six regions of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS).
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The potential sources of WBPH in northern China are poorly understood. Shandong Province, in northern China, is located on the migration pathway of WBPH between southern and northeast China. The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera, Delphacidae), is a migratory pest of rice in Asia.